时间:2023-02-24 09:16:11 | 栏目:Python代码 | 点击:次
多线程类似于同时执行多个不同程序,多线程运行有如下优点:
线程在执行过程中与进程还是有区别的。每个独立的进程有一个程序运行的入口、顺序执行序列和程序的出口。但是线程不能够独立执行,必须依存在应用程序中,由应用程序提供多个线程执行控制。
每个线程都有他自己的一组CPU寄存器,称为线程的上下文,该上下文反映了线程上次运行该线程的CPU寄存器的状态。
指令指针和堆栈指针寄存器是线程上下文中两个最重要的寄存器,线程总是在进程得到上下文中运行的,这些地址都用于标志拥有线程的进程地址空间中的内存。
Python中使用线程有两种方式:函数或者用类来包装线程对象。
函数式:调用thread模块中的start_new_thread()函数来产生新线程。语法如下:
thread.start_new_thread ( function, args[, kwargs] )
参数说明:
#!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- import thread import time # 为线程定义一个函数 def print_time( threadName, delay): count = 0 while count < 5: time.sleep(delay) count += 1 print "%s: %s" % ( threadName, time.ctime(time.time()) ) # 创建两个线程 try: thread.start_new_thread( print_time, ("Thread-1", 2, ) ) thread.start_new_thread( print_time, ("Thread-2", 4, ) ) except: print "Error: unable to start thread" while 1: pass
执行以上程序输出结果如下:
Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:17 2009
Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:19 2009
Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:19 2009
Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:21 2009
Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:23 2009
Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:23 2009
Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:25 2009
Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:27 2009
Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:31 2009
Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:35 2009
线程的结束一般依靠线程函数的自然结束;也可以在线程函数中调用thread.exit(),他抛出SystemExit exception,达到退出线程的目的。
Python通过两个标准库thread和threading提供对线程的支持。thread提供了低级别的、原始的线程以及一个简单的锁。
threading 模块提供的其他方法:
除了使用方法外,线程模块同样提供了Thread类来处理线程,Thread类提供了以下方法:
使用Threading模块创建线程,直接从threading.Thread继承,然后重写__init__方法和run方法:
#!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- import threading import time exitFlag = 0 class myThread (threading.Thread): #继承父类threading.Thread def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.threadID = threadID self.name = name self.counter = counter def run(self): #把要执行的代码写到run函数里面 线程在创建后会直接运行run函数 print "Starting " + self.name print_time(self.name, self.counter, 5) print "Exiting " + self.name def print_time(threadName, delay, counter): while counter: if exitFlag: (threading.Thread).exit() time.sleep(delay) print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time())) counter -= 1 # 创建新线程 thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1) thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2) # 开启线程 thread1.start() thread2.start() print "Exiting Main Thread"
以上程序执行结果如下;
Starting Thread-1
Starting Thread-2
Exiting Main Thread
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:03 2013
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:04 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:04 2013
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:05 2013
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:06 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:06 2013
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:07 2013
Exiting Thread-1
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:08 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:10 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:12 2013
Exiting Thread-2
如果多个线程共同对某个数据修改,则可能出现不可预料的结果,为了保证数据的正确性,需要对多个线程进行同步。
使用Thread对象的Lock和Rlock可以实现简单的线程同步,这两个对象都有acquire方法和release方法,对于那些需要每次只允许一个线程操作的数据,可以将其操作放到acquire和release方法之间。如下:
多线程的优势在于可以同时运行多个任务(至少感觉起来是这样)。但是当线程需要共享数据时,可能存在数据不同步的问题。
考虑这样一种情况:一个列表里所有元素都是0,线程"set"从后向前把所有元素改成1,而线程"print"负责从前往后读取列表并打印。
那么,可能线程"set"开始改的时候,线程"print"便来打印列表了,输出就成了一半0一半1,这就是数据的不同步。为了避免这种情况,引入了锁的概念。
锁有两种状态——锁定和未锁定。每当一个线程比如"set"要访问共享数据时,必须先获得锁定;如果已经有别的线程比如"print"获得锁定了,那么就让线程"set"暂停,也就是同步阻塞;等到线程"print"访问完毕,释放锁以后,再让线程"set"继续。
经过这样的处理,打印列表时要么全部输出0,要么全部输出1,不会再出现一半0一半1的尴尬场面。
#!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- import threading import time class myThread (threading.Thread): def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.threadID = threadID self.name = name self.counter = counter def run(self): print "Starting " + self.name # 获得锁,成功获得锁定后返回True # 可选的timeout参数不填时将一直阻塞直到获得锁定 # 否则超时后将返回False threadLock.acquire() print_time(self.name, self.counter, 3) # 释放锁 threadLock.release() def print_time(threadName, delay, counter): while counter: time.sleep(delay) print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time())) counter -= 1 threadLock = threading.Lock() threads = [] # 创建新线程 thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1) thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2) # 开启新线程 thread1.start() thread2.start() # 添加线程到线程列表 threads.append(thread1) threads.append(thread2) # 等待所有线程完成 for t in threads: t.join() print "Exiting Main Thread"
Python的Queue模块中提供了同步的、线程安全的队列类,包括FIFO(先入先出)队列Queue,LIFO(后入先出)队列LifoQueue,和优先级队列PriorityQueue。这些队列都实现了锁原语,能够在多线程中直接使用。可以使用队列来实现线程间的同步。
Queue模块中的常用方法:
#!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- import Queue import threading import time exitFlag = 0 class myThread (threading.Thread): def __init__(self, threadID, name, q): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.threadID = threadID self.name = name self.q = q def run(self): print "Starting " + self.name process_data(self.name, self.q) print "Exiting " + self.name def process_data(threadName, q): while not exitFlag: queueLock.acquire() if not workQueue.empty(): data = q.get() queueLock.release() print "%s processing %s" % (threadName, data) else: queueLock.release() time.sleep(1) threadList = ["Thread-1", "Thread-2", "Thread-3"] nameList = ["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"] queueLock = threading.Lock() workQueue = Queue.Queue(10) threads = [] threadID = 1 # 创建新线程 for tName in threadList: thread = myThread(threadID, tName, workQueue) thread.start() threads.append(thread) threadID += 1 # 填充队列 queueLock.acquire() for word in nameList: workQueue.put(word) queueLock.release() # 等待队列清空 while not workQueue.empty(): pass # 通知线程是时候退出 exitFlag = 1 # 等待所有线程完成 for t in threads: t.join() print "Exiting Main Thread"
以上程序执行结果:
Starting Thread-1
Starting Thread-2
Starting Thread-3
Thread-1 processing One
Thread-2 processing Two
Thread-3 processing Three
Thread-1 processing Four
Thread-2 processing Five
Exiting Thread-3
Exiting Thread-1
Exiting Thread-2
Exiting Main Thread
实例扩展:
加锁时
# -*-* encoding:UTF-8 -*- # author : shoushixiong # date : 2018/11/22 import threading import time list = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] class myThread(threading.Thread): def __init__(self,threadId,name,counter): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.threadId = threadId self.name = name self.counter = counter def run(self): print "开始线程:",self.name # 获得锁,成功获得锁定后返回 True # 可选的timeout参数不填时将一直阻塞直到获得锁定 # 否则超时后将返回 False threadLock.acquire() print_time(self.name,self.counter,list.__len__()) # 释放锁 threadLock.release() def __del__(self): print self.name,"线程结束!" def print_time(threadName,delay,counter): while counter: time.sleep(delay) list[counter-1] += 1 print "[%s] %s 修改第 %d 个值,修改后值为:%d" % (time.ctime(time.time()),threadName,counter,list[counter-1]) counter -= 1 threadLock = threading.Lock() threads = [] # 创建新线程 thread1 = myThread(1,"Thread-1",1) thread2 = myThread(2,"Thread-2",2) # 开启新线程 thread1.start() thread2.start() # 添加线程到线程列表 threads.append(thread1) threads.append(thread2) # 等待所有线程完成 for t in threads: t.join() print "主进程结束!"
输出结果为:
开始线程: Thread-1
开始线程: Thread-2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:13 2018] Thread-1 修改第 12 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:14 2018] Thread-1 修改第 11 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:15 2018] Thread-1 修改第 10 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:16 2018] Thread-1 修改第 9 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:17 2018] Thread-1 修改第 8 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:18 2018] Thread-1 修改第 7 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:19 2018] Thread-1 修改第 6 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:20 2018] Thread-1 修改第 5 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:21 2018] Thread-1 修改第 4 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:22 2018] Thread-1 修改第 3 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:23 2018] Thread-1 修改第 2 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:24 2018] Thread-1 修改第 1 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:26 2018] Thread-2 修改第 12 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:28 2018] Thread-2 修改第 11 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:30 2018] Thread-2 修改第 10 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:32 2018] Thread-2 修改第 9 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:34 2018] Thread-2 修改第 8 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:36 2018] Thread-2 修改第 7 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:38 2018] Thread-2 修改第 6 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:40 2018] Thread-2 修改第 5 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:42 2018] Thread-2 修改第 4 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:44 2018] Thread-2 修改第 3 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:46 2018] Thread-2 修改第 2 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:48 2018] Thread-2 修改第 1 个值,修改后值为:2
主进程结束!
Thread-1 线程结束!
Thread-2 线程结束!
不加锁时
同样是上面实例的代码,注释以下两行代码:
threadLock.acquire() threadLock.release()
输出结果为:
开始线程: Thread-1
开始线程: Thread-2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:20 2018] Thread-1 修改第 12 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:21 2018] Thread-2 修改第 12 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:21 2018] Thread-1 修改第 11 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:22 2018] Thread-1 修改第 10 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:23 2018] Thread-1 修改第 9 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:23 2018] Thread-2 修改第 11 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:24 2018] Thread-1 修改第 8 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:25 2018] Thread-2 修改第 10 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:25 2018] Thread-1 修改第 7 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:26 2018] Thread-1 修改第 6 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:27 2018] Thread-2 修改第 9 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:27 2018] Thread-1 修改第 5 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:28 2018] Thread-1 修改第 4 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:29 2018] Thread-2 修改第 8 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:29 2018] Thread-1 修改第 3 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:30 2018] Thread-1 修改第 2 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:31 2018] Thread-2 修改第 7 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:31 2018] Thread-1 修改第 1 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:33 2018] Thread-2 修改第 6 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:35 2018] Thread-2 修改第 5 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:37 2018] Thread-2 修改第 4 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:39 2018] Thread-2 修改第 3 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:41 2018] Thread-2 修改第 2 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:43 2018] Thread-2 修改第 1 个值,修改后值为:2
主进程结束!
Thread-1 线程结束!
Thread-2 线程结束!
当一个线程中遇到锁嵌套情况该怎么办,又会遇到什么情况?
def run1(): global count1 lock.acquire() count1 += 1 lock.release() return count1 def run2(): global count2 lock.acquire() count2 += 1 lock.release() return count2 def runtask(): lock.acquire() r1 = run1() print("="*30) r2 = run2() lock.release() print(r1,r2) count1,count2 = 0,0 lock = threading.Lock() for index in range(50): t = threading.Thread(target=runtask,) t.start()
这是一个很简单的线程锁死案例,程序将被卡死,停止不动。为了解决这一情况,Python提供了递归锁RLock(可重入锁)。这个RLock内部维护着一个Lock和一个counter变量,counter记录了acquire的次数,从而使得资源可以被多次require。直到一个线程所有的acquire都被release,其他的线程才能获得资源。上面的代码只需做一些小小的改动