C++深入探究类与对象之友元与运算符重载

友元

生活中你的家有客厅(Public)，有你的卧室(Private),客厅所有来的客人都可以进去，但是你的卧室是私有的，也就是说只有你能进去,但是呢，你也可以允许你的好闺蜜好基友进去。

在程序里，有些私有属性也想让类外特殊的一些函数或者类进行访问，就需要用到友元的技术。

友元的目的就是让一个函数或者类访问另一个类中私有成员。

友元的关键字为: friend

友元的三种实现：

全局函数做友元
类做友元
成员函数做友元

1 全局函数做友元

class Building
{
	//告诉编译器 goodGay全局函数 是 Building类的好朋友，可以访问类中的私有内容
	friend void goodGay(Building * building);
public:
	Building()
	{
		this->m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
		this->m_BedRoom = "卧室";
	}
public:
	string m_SittingRoom; //客厅
private:
	string m_BedRoom; //卧室
};
void goodGay(Building * building)
{
	cout << "好基友正在访问： " << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
	cout << "好基友正在访问： " << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}
void test01()
{
	Building b;
	goodGay(&b);
}
int main(){
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

2 类做友元

class Building;
class goodGay
{
public:
	goodGay();
	void visit();
private:
	Building *building;
};
class Building
{
	//告诉编译器 goodGay类是Building类的好朋友，可以访问到Building类中私有内容
	friend class goodGay;
public:
	Building();
public:
	string m_SittingRoom; //客厅
private:
	string m_BedRoom;//卧室
};
Building::Building()
{
	this->m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
	this->m_BedRoom = "卧室";
}
goodGay::goodGay()
{
	building = new Building;
}
void goodGay::visit()
{
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}
void test01()
{
	goodGay gg;
	gg.visit();
}
int main(){
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

3 成员函数做友元

class Building;
class goodGay
{
public:
	goodGay();
	void visit(); //只让visit函数作为Building的好朋友，可以发访问Building中私有内容
	void visit2(); 
private:
	Building *building;
};
class Building
{
	//告诉编译器  goodGay类中的visit成员函数 是Building好朋友，可以访问私有内容
	friend void goodGay::visit();
public:
	Building();
public:
	string m_SittingRoom; //客厅
private:
	string m_BedRoom;//卧室
};
Building::Building()
{
	this->m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
	this->m_BedRoom = "卧室";
}
goodGay::goodGay()
{
	building = new Building;
}
void goodGay::visit()
{
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}
void goodGay::visit2()
{
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
	//cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}
void test01()
{
	goodGay  gg;
	gg.visit();
}
int main(){
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运算符重载

运算符重载概念：对已有的运算符重新进行定义，赋予其另一种功能，以适应不同的数据类型

1 加号运算符重载

作用：实现两个自定义数据类型相加的运算

class Person {
public:
	Person() {};
	Person(int a, int b)
	{
		this->m_A = a;
		this->m_B = b;
	}
	//成员函数实现 + 号运算符重载
	Person operator+(const Person& p) {
		Person temp;
		temp.m_A = this->m_A + p.m_A;
		temp.m_B = this->m_B + p.m_B;
		return temp;
	}
public:
	int m_A;
	int m_B;
};
//全局函数实现 + 号运算符重载
//Person operator+(const Person& p1, const Person& p2) {
//	Person temp(0, 0);
//	temp.m_A = p1.m_A + p2.m_A;
//	temp.m_B = p1.m_B + p2.m_B;
//	return temp;
//}
//运算符重载 可以发生函数重载 
Person operator+(const Person& p2, int val)  
{
	Person temp;
	temp.m_A = p2.m_A + val;
	temp.m_B = p2.m_B + val;
	return temp;
}
void test() {
	Person p1(10, 10);
	Person p2(20, 20);
	//成员函数方式
	Person p3 = p2 + p1;  //相当于 p2.operaor+(p1)
	cout << "mA:" << p3.m_A << " mB:" << p3.m_B << endl;
	Person p4 = p3 + 10; //相当于 operator+(p3,10)
	cout << "mA:" << p4.m_A << " mB:" << p4.m_B << endl;
}
int main() {
	test();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

总结1：对于内置的数据类型的表达式的的运算符是不可能改变的

总结2：不要滥用运算符重载

2 左移运算符重载

作用：可以输出自定义数据类型

class Person {
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p);
public:
	Person(int a, int b)
	{
		this->m_A = a;
		this->m_B = b;
	}
	//成员函数 实现不了  p << cout 不是我们想要的效果
	//void operator<<(Person& p){
	//}
private:
	int m_A;
	int m_B;
};
//全局函数实现左移重载
//ostream对象只能有一个
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p) {
	out << "a:" << p.m_A << " b:" << p.m_B;
	return out;
}
void test() {
	Person p1(10, 20);
	cout << p1 << "hello world" << endl; //链式编程
}
int main() {
	test();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

总结：重载左移运算符配合友元可以实现输出自定义数据类型

3 递增运算符重载

作用：通过重载递增运算符，实现自己的整型数据

class MyInteger {
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, MyInteger myint);
public:
	MyInteger() {
		m_Num = 0;
	}
	//前置++
	MyInteger& operator++() {
		//先++
		m_Num++;
		//再返回
		return *this;
	}
	//后置++
	MyInteger operator++(int) {
		//先返回
		MyInteger temp = *this; //记录当前本身的值，然后让本身的值加1，但是返回的是以前的值，达到先返回后++；
		m_Num++;
		return temp;
	}
private:
	int m_Num;
};
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, MyInteger myint) {
	out << myint.m_Num;
	return out;
}
//前置++ 先++ 再返回
void test01() {
	MyInteger myInt;
	cout << ++myInt << endl;
	cout << myInt << endl;
}
//后置++ 先返回 再++
void test02() {
	MyInteger myInt;
	cout << myInt++ << endl;
	cout << myInt << endl;
}
int main() {
	test01();
	//test02();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

总结：前置递增返回引用，后置递增返回值

4 赋值运算符重载

c++编译器至少给一个类添加4个函数

默认构造函数(无参，函数体为空)
默认析构函数(无参，函数体为空)
默认拷贝构造函数，对属性进行值拷贝
赋值运算符 operator=, 对属性进行值拷贝

如果类中有属性指向堆区，做赋值操作时也会出现深浅拷贝问题

示例：

class Person
{
public:
	Person(int age)
	{
		//将年龄数据开辟到堆区
		m_Age = new int(age);
	}
	//重载赋值运算符 
	Person& operator=(Person &p)
	{
		if (m_Age != NULL)
		{
			delete m_Age;
			m_Age = NULL;
		}
		//编译器提供的代码是浅拷贝
		//m_Age = p.m_Age;
		//提供深拷贝 解决浅拷贝的问题
		m_Age = new int(*p.m_Age);
		//返回自身
		return *this;
	}
	~Person()
	{
		if (m_Age != NULL)
		{
			delete m_Age;
			m_Age = NULL;
		}
	}
	//年龄的指针
	int *m_Age;
};
void test01()
{
	Person p1(18);
	Person p2(20);
	Person p3(30);
	p3 = p2 = p1; //赋值操作
	cout << "p1的年龄为：" << *p1.m_Age << endl;
	cout << "p2的年龄为：" << *p2.m_Age << endl;
	cout << "p3的年龄为：" << *p3.m_Age << endl;
}
int main() {
	test01();
	//int a = 10;
	//int b = 20;
	//int c = 30;
	//c = b = a;
	//cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	//cout << "b = " << b << endl;
	//cout << "c = " << c << endl;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

5 关系运算符重载

**作用：**重载关系运算符，可以让两个自定义类型对象进行对比操作

示例：

class Person
{
public:
	Person(string name, int age)
	{
		this->m_Name = name;
		this->m_Age = age;
	};
	bool operator==(Person & p)
	{
		if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
		{
			return true;
		}
		else
		{
			return false;
		}
	}
	bool operator!=(Person & p)
	{
		if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
		{
			return false;
		}
		else
		{
			return true;
		}
	}
	string m_Name;
	int m_Age;
};
void test01()
{
	//int a = 0;
	//int b = 0;
	Person a("孙悟空", 18);
	Person b("孙悟空", 18);
	if (a == b)
	{
		cout << "a和b相等" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "a和b不相等" << endl;
	}
	if (a != b)
	{
		cout << "a和b不相等" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "a和b相等" << endl;
	}
}
int main() {
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

6 函数调用运算符重载

函数调用运算符 () 也可以重载
由于重载后使用的方式非常像函数的调用，因此称为仿函数
仿函数没有固定写法，非常灵活

示例：

class MyPrint
{
public:
	void operator()(string text)
	{
		cout << text << endl;
	}
};
void test01()
{
	//重载的（）操作符 也称为仿函数
	MyPrint myFunc;
	myFunc("hello world");
}
class MyAdd
{
public:
	int operator()(int v1, int v2)
	{
		return v1 + v2;
	}
};
void test02()
{
	MyAdd add;
	int ret = add(10, 10);
	cout << "ret = " << ret << endl;
	//匿名对象调用  
	cout << "MyAdd()(100,100) = " << MyAdd()(100, 100) << endl;
}
int main() {
	test01();
	test02();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

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