时间:2022-09-16 10:16:02 | 栏目:Oracle | 点击:次
START WITH . . .
CONNECT BY . . .
子句来实现SQL的层次查询.SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH
函数实现将父节点到当前行内容以“path”或者层次元素列表的形式显示出来。CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF
来判断当前行是不是叶子。如果是叶子就会在伪列中显示“1”, NOCYCLE
”就可以进行任意的查询操作。与这个关键字相关的还有一个伪列——CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE
, select [level],* feom table_name start with 条件1 connect by [ nocycle ] prior 条件2 where 条件3 ORDER BY [ sibilings ] 排序字段
说明:
例1、 查询Raphaely及其的所有下属
select * from employees start with last_name = 'Raphaely' connect by prior employee_id = manager_id; --找下属 -- connect by employee_id = prior manager_id; --找上司,第一种,修改prior关键字位置 -- connect by prior manager_id = employee_id; --找上司,第二种,prior关键字不动 调换后面的 employee_id = manager_id 逻辑关系的顺序
例2、 查询除了Raphaely和他下属的所有员工
select * from employees start with manager_id is null connect by prior employee_id = manager_id and last_name <> 'Raphaely';
例3、 统计树形的层数
select count(distinct LEVEL) from EMPLOYEES start with MANAGER_ID is null connect by prior EMPLOYEE_ID = MANAGER_ID;
例4、 过滤某些结果集,注意:where子句比connect by后执行。
查询Kochhar的所有下属中lastname为 Mavris雇员。
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Mavris' START WITH last_name = 'Kochhar' --Kochhar的所有雇员 CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id;
例5、level伪列的使用,格式化层级
select lpad(' ',level*2,' ')||emp_name as name,emp_id,manager_id,salary,level from employee start with manager_id=0 connect by prior emp_id=manager_id
作用: 将父节点到当前节点的路径按照指定的模式展现出来,把一个父节点下的所有节点通过某个字符区分,然后链接在一个列中显示。
格式:
sys_connect_by_path(<列名>,<连接串>)
select sys_connect_by_path(t.dept_name,'-->'),t.dept_id, t.dept_name, t.dept_code,t.par_dept_id, level from SYS_DEPT t start with t.dept_id = 'e01d6' connect by prior t.dept_id = t.par_dept_id order by level, t.dept_code
作用:判断层次查询结果集中的行是不是叶子节点
返回值: 0表示不是叶子节点, 1表示是叶子节点
例:
select last_name "Employee", connect_by_root last_name "Manager",sys_connect_by_path(last_name, ' -> ') "Path" from hr.employees where level > 1 connect by prior employee_id = manager_id order by last_name, length("Path");
思考? 为什么不能加 start with ? 加了会有什么效果?
不加start with , 则每个节点都遍历一次 , connect_by_root 找到顶端的经理人会不同
而加了start with manager_id is null 则从树的根节点 King 开始遍历, 从而connect_by_root每个人的顶端的经理都是King
作用: 因为使用order by排序会破坏层次,所以在oracle10g中,增加了siblings关键字的排序给叶子节点的关键字排序。
语法:
order siblings by <expre> asc|desc ;
它会保护层次,并且在每个等级中按expre排序
注意: order siblings by 必须紧跟着connect by,所以不能再用order by 了
例子:用order by,最后的结果是严格按照salary排序的,这样把层级关系都打乱了
select t.employee_id,t.manager_id,t.first_name,t.salary, sys_connect_by_path(t.first_name, '->'), level from hr.employees t start with manager_id is null connect by prior employee_id = manager_id order by salary desc;
采用sibilings排序:结果的树结构没有被打乱,且没层级的sibilings都是按照salary排序的。
select t.employee_id,t.manager_id,t.first_name,t.salary,sys_connect_by_path(t.first_name, '->'),level from hr.employees t start with manager_id is null connect by prior employee_id = manager_id order siblings by salary desc;
rownum可用level代替。
select rownum from dual connect by rownum<=4
1
2
3
4
select 10+(rownum-1) from dual connect by rownum<=14-10+1
select chr(ascii('a')+(rownum-1)) from dual connect by rownum<=ascii('d')-ascii('a')+1
select to_date('2011-01-05','yyyy-mm-dd')+(rownum-1) from dual connect by rownum<=to_date('2011-01-10','yyyy-mm-dd')-to_date('2011-01-05','yyyy-mm-dd')+1
查询当前时间往前的12周的开始时间、结束时间、第多少周
select sysdate - (to_number(to_char(sysdate - 1, 'd')) - 1) - (rownum - 1) * 7 as startDate, sysdate + (7 - to_number(to_char(sysdate - 1, 'd'))) - (rownum - 1) * 7 as endDate, to_number(to_char(sysdate, 'iw')) - rownum + 1 as weekIndex from dual connect by level<= 12;--将level改成rownum可以实现同样的效果
生成a1,b1,d1序列
select substr(id, instr(id,',',1,rownum)+1, instr(id,',',1,rownum+1) - instr(id,',',1,rownum)-1)--根据逗号的位置进行拆分 from (select ','||'a1,b1,d1'||',' as id from dual) --前后各加一个逗号 connect by rownum<=length(id)-length(replace(id,',',''))-1
或者
select REGEXP_SUBSTR('a1,b1,d1', '[^,]+', 1, rownum) as newport from dual connect by rownum <= REGEXP_COUNT('a1,b1,d1', '[^,]+');
with temp as (select 'a' as A,'b' as B from dual union select 'c' as C,'d' as D from dual ) select * from temp;
select to_date('2011-01-05','yyyy-mm-dd')+(rownum-1) as ydate_date, to_char(to_date('2011-01-05','yyyy-mm-dd')+(rownum-1),'yyyy') as ydate_month from dba.tab_cols where to_date('2011-01-05','yyyy-mm-dd')+(rownum-1) != to_date('2060-01-05','yyyy-mm-dd')