时间:2021-12-28 10:42:28 | 栏目:PostgreSQL | 点击:次
PosgtreSQL 11 支持为分区表创建一个默认(DEFAULT)的分区,用于存储无法匹配其他任何分区的数据。显然,只有 RANGE 分区表和 LIST 分区表需要默认分区。
CREATE TABLE measurement ( city_id int not null, logdate date not null, peaktemp int, unitsales int ) PARTITION BY RANGE (logdate); CREATE TABLE measurement_y2018 PARTITION OF measurement FOR VALUES FROM ('2018-01-01') TO ('2019-01-01');
以上示例只创建了 2018 年的分区,如果插入 2017 年的数据,系统将会无法找到相应的分区:
INSERT INTO measurement(city_id,logdate,peaktemp,unitsales) VALUES (1, '2017-10-01', 50, 200); ERROR: no partition of relation "measurement" found for row DETAIL: Partition key of the failing row contains (logdate) = (2017-10-01).
使用默认分区可以解决这类问题。创建默认分区时使用 DEFAULT 子句替代 FOR VALUES 子句。
CREATE TABLE measurement_default PARTITION OF measurement DEFAULT; \d+ measurement Table "public.measurement" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Stats target | Description -----------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+--------------+------------- city_id | integer | | not null | | plain | | logdate | date | | not null | | plain | | peaktemp | integer | | | | plain | | unitsales | integer | | | | plain | | Partition key: RANGE (logdate) Partitions: measurement_y2018 FOR VALUES FROM ('2018-01-01') TO ('2019-01-01'), measurement_default DEFAULT
有了默认分区之后,未定义分区的数据将会插入到默认分区中:
INSERT INTO measurement(city_id,logdate,peaktemp,unitsales) VALUES (1, '2017-10-01', 50, 200); INSERT 0 1 select * from measurement_default; city_id | logdate | peaktemp | unitsales ---------+------------+----------+----------- 1 | 2017-10-01 | 50 | 200 (1 row)
一个分区表只能拥有一个 DEFAULT 分区;
对于已经存储在 DEFAULT 分区中的数据,不能再创建相应的分区;参见下文示例;
如果将已有的表挂载为 DEFAULT 分区,将会检查该表中的所有数据;如果在已有的分区中存在相同的数据,将会产生一个错误;
哈希分区表不支持 DEFAULT 分区,实际上也不需要支持。
使用默认分区也可能导致一些不可预见的问题。例如,往 measurement 表中插入一条 2019 年的数据,由于没有创建相应的分区,该记录同样会分配到默认分区:
INSERT INTO measurement(city_id,logdate,peaktemp,unitsales) VALUES (1, '2019-03-25', 66, 100); INSERT 0 1 select * from measurement_default; city_id | logdate | peaktemp | unitsales ---------+------------+----------+----------- 1 | 2017-10-01 | 50 | 200 1 | 2019-03-25 | 66 | 100 (2 rows)
此时,如果再创建 2019 年的分区,操作将会失败。因为添加新的分区需要修改默认分区的范围(不再包含 2019 年的数据),但是默认分区中已经存在 2019 年的数据。
CREATE TABLE measurement_y2019 PARTITION OF measurement FOR VALUES FROM ('2019-01-01') TO ('2020-01-01'); ERROR: updated partition constraint for default partition "measurement_default" would be violated by some row
为了解决这个问题,可以先将默认分区从分区表中卸载(DETACH PARTITION),创建新的分区,将默认分区中的相应的数据移动到新的分区,最后重新挂载默认分区。
ALTER TABLE measurement DETACH PARTITION measurement_default; CREATE TABLE measurement_y2019 PARTITION OF measurement FOR VALUES FROM ('2019-01-01') TO ('2020-01-01'); INSERT INTO measurement_y2019 SELECT * FROM measurement_default WHERE logdate >= '2019-01-01' AND logdate < '2020-01-01'; INSERT 0 1 DELETE FROM measurement_default WHERE logdate >= '2019-01-01' AND logdate < '2020-01-01'; DELETE 1 ALTER TABLE measurement ATTACH PARTITION measurement_default DEFAULT; CREATE TABLE measurement_y2020 PARTITION OF measurement FOR VALUES FROM ('2020-01-01') TO ('2021-01-01'); \d+ measurement Table "public.measurement" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Stats target | Description -----------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+--------------+------------- city_id | integer | | not null | | plain | | logdate | date | | not null | | plain | | peaktemp | integer | | | | plain | | unitsales | integer | | | | plain | | Partition key: RANGE (logdate) Partitions: measurement_y2018 FOR VALUES FROM ('2018-01-01') TO ('2019-01-01'), measurement_y2019 FOR VALUES FROM ('2019-01-01') TO ('2020-01-01'), measurement_y2020 FOR VALUES FROM ('2020-01-01') TO ('2021-01-01'), measurement_default DEFAULT
官方文档:Table Partitioning
补充:postgresql10以上的自动分区分表功能
1.首先创建主分区表:
create table fenbiao( id int, year varchar ) partition by list(year)
这里设置的是根据year列进行数据分表;创建后使用navicat是看不到的;
2.创建分表:
create table fenbiao_2017 partition of fenbiao for values in ('2017')
create table fenbiao_2018 partition of fenbiao for values in ('2018')
这样这两天数据会依靠规则插入到不同分表中,如果插入一条不符合规则的数据,则会报错误:no partition of relation "fenbiao" found for row.
1.以year列为范围进行分表
create table fenbiao2( id int, year varchar ) partition by range(year)
2.创建分表
create table fenbiao2_2018_2020 partition of fenbiao2 for values from ('2018') to ('2020')
create table fenbiao2_2020_2030 partition of fenbiao2 for values from ('2020') to ('2030')
注意:此时插入year=2020会插入到下面的表;如下面表范围为2021到2030,则会报错;同时插入2030也会报错;范围相当于时a<=year<b;