时间:2021-07-04 09:26:11 | 栏目:C代码 | 点击:次
三种访问权限
我们知道C++中的类,有三种访问权限(也称作访问控制),它们分别是public、protected、private。要理解它们其实也很容易,看下面了一个例子。
父类:
class Person { public: Person(const string& name, int age) : m_name(name), m_age(age) { } void ShowInfo() { cout << "姓名:" << m_name << endl; cout << "年龄:" << m_age << endl; } protected: string m_name; //姓名 private: int m_age; //年龄 }; class Person { public: Person(const string& name, int age) : m_name(name), m_age(age) { } void ShowInfo() { cout << "姓名:" << m_name << endl; cout << "年龄:" << m_age << endl; } protected: string m_name; //姓名 private: int m_age; //年龄 };
子类:
class Teacher : public Person { public: Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title) : Person(name, age), m_title(title) { } void ShowTeacherInfo() { ShowInfo(); //正确,public属性子类可见 cout << "姓名:" << m_name << endl; //正确,protected属性子类可见 cout << "年龄:" << m_age << endl; //错误,private属性子类不可见 cout << "职称:" << m_title << endl; //正确,本类中可见自己的所有成员 } private: string m_title; //职称 }; class Teacher : public Person { public: Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title) : Person(name, age), m_title(title) { } void ShowTeacherInfo() { ShowInfo(); //正确,public属性子类可见 cout << "姓名:" << m_name << endl; //正确,protected属性子类可见 cout << "年龄:" << m_age << endl; //错误,private属性子类不可见 cout << "职称:" << m_title << endl; //正确,本类中可见自己的所有成员 } private: string m_title; //职称 };
调用方法:
void test() { Person person("张三", 22); person.ShowInfo(); //public属性,对外部可见 cout << person.m_name << endl; //protected属性,对外部不可见 cout << person.m_age << endl; //private属性,对外部不可见 } void test() { Person person("张三", 22); person.ShowInfo(); //public属性,对外部可见 cout << person.m_name << endl; //protected属性,对外部不可见 cout << person.m_age << endl; //private属性,对外部不可见 }
总结
我们对C++类三种方式控制权限总结如下,这与Java中的三种对应的访问权限是一样的。
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三种继承方式
C++中继承的方式还有多种,也分别都用public、protected、private表示。这与Java不一样,Java只有继承的概念,默认是public继承的。
1. 三种继承方式不影响子类对父类的访问权限,子类对父类只看父类的访问控制权。
如下面三种继承方式都能访问父类中的public和protected成员。
class Teacher : /*public*/ /*protected*/ private Person { public: Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title) : Person(name, age), m_title(title) { } void ShowTeacherInfo() { ShowInfo(); //正确,public属性子类可见 cout << "姓名:" << m_name << endl; //正确,protected属性子类可见 //cout << "年龄:" << m_age << endl; //错误,private属性子类不可见 cout << "职称:" << m_title << endl; //正确,本类中可见自己的所有成员 } private: string m_title; //职称 }; class Teacher : /*public*/ /*protected*/ private Person { public: Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title) : Person(name, age), m_title(title) { } void ShowTeacherInfo() { ShowInfo(); //正确,public属性子类可见 cout << "姓名:" << m_name << endl; //正确,protected属性子类可见 //cout << "年龄:" << m_age << endl; //错误,private属性子类不可见 cout << "职称:" << m_title << endl; //正确,本类中可见自己的所有成员 } private: string m_title; //职称 };
2. 继承方式是为了控制子类(也称派生类)的调用方(也叫用户)对父类(也称基类)的访问权限。
public继承
class Teacher : public Person { public: Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title) : Person(name, age), m_title(title) { } void ShowTeacherInfo() { ShowInfo(); //正确,public属性子类可见 cout << "职称:" << m_title << endl; //正确,本类中可见自己的所有成员 } private: string m_title; //职称 }; class Teacher : public Person { public: Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title) : Person(name, age), m_title(title) { } void ShowTeacherInfo() { ShowInfo(); //正确,public属性子类可见 cout << "职称:" << m_title << endl; //正确,本类中可见自己的所有成员 } private: string m_title; //职称 }; void TestPublic() { Teacher teacher("李四", 35, "副教授"); teacher.ShowInfo(); cout << endl; teacher.ShowTeacherInfo(); } void TestPublic() { Teacher teacher("李四", 35, "副教授"); teacher.ShowInfo(); cout << endl; teacher.ShowTeacherInfo(); }
结果:
姓名:李四
年龄:35
姓名:李四
年龄:35
职称:副教授
private继承:
class Teacher : private Person { public: Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title) : Person(name, age), m_title(title) { } void ShowTeacherInfo() { ShowInfo(); //正确,public属性子类可见 cout << "职称:" << m_title << endl; //正确,本类中可见自己的所有成员 } private: string m_title; //职称 }; class Teacher : private Person { public: Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title) : Person(name, age), m_title(title) { } void ShowTeacherInfo() { ShowInfo(); //正确,public属性子类可见 cout << "职称:" << m_title << endl; //正确,本类中可见自己的所有成员 } private: string m_title; //职称 }; void TestPrivate() { Teacher teacher("李四", 35, "副教授"); teacher.ShowInfo(); //错误,因为Teacher采用了private的继承方式,外部不可访问。 cout << endl; teacher.ShowTeacherInfo(); } void TestPrivate() { Teacher teacher("李四", 35, "副教授"); teacher.ShowInfo(); //错误,因为Teacher采用了private的继承方式,外部不可访问。 cout << endl; teacher.ShowTeacherInfo(); }
3. public、protected、private三种继承方式,相当于把父类的public访问权限在子类中变成了对应的权限。
如protected继承,把父类中的public成员在本类中变成了protected的访问控制权限;private继承,把父类的public成员和protected成员在本类中变成了private访问控制权。
protected继承:
class Teacher : protected Person { public: Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title) : Person(name, age), m_title(title) { } void ShowTeacherInfo() { ShowInfo(); //正确,public属性子类可见 cout << "职称:" << m_title << endl; //正确,本类中可见自己的所有成员 } private: string m_title; //职称 }; class Teacher : protected Person { public: Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title) : Person(name, age), m_title(title) { } void ShowTeacherInfo() { ShowInfo(); //正确,public属性子类可见 cout << "职称:" << m_title << endl; //正确,本类中可见自己的所有成员 } private: string m_title; //职称 }; void TestProtected() { Teacher teacher("李四", 35, "副教授"); teacher.ShowInfo(); //错误,基类Person的ShowInfo此时对Teacher相当于protected的,外部不可以被访问 cout << endl; teacher.ShowTeacherInfo(); } void TestProtected() { Teacher teacher("李四", 35, "副教授"); teacher.ShowInfo(); //错误,基类Person的ShowInfo此时对Teacher相当于protected的,外部不可以被访问 cout << endl; teacher.ShowTeacherInfo(); } class Leader : public Teacher { public: Leader(const string& name, int age, const string& title, string position) : Teacher(name, age, title), m_position(position) { } void ShowLeaderInfo() { ShowInfo(); //基类Person的ShowInfo此时相当于protected的,但子类仍可以访问 ShowTeacherInfo(); //ShowTeacherInfo仍然是public的,可以访问 cout << m_position << endl; } private: string m_position; }; class Leader : public Teacher { public: Leader(const string& name, int age, const string& title, string position) : Teacher(name, age, title), m_position(position) { } void ShowLeaderInfo() { ShowInfo(); //基类Person的ShowInfo此时相当于protected的,但子类仍可以访问 ShowTeacherInfo(); //ShowTeacherInfo仍然是public的,可以访问 cout << m_position << endl; } private: string m_position; };