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MySQL联表查询的简单示例

时间:2021-06-15 09:15:57 | 栏目:Mysql | 点击:

MySql会用到联表查询,对于刚学习的新手来说,可能会理解起来有难度。下面这篇文章就来给大家详细介绍MySQL联表查询的相关内容,分享出来供大家参考学习,下面话不多说了,来一起看看详细的介绍吧

关系型数据库,免不了表之间存在各种引用与关联。这些关联是通过主键与外键搭配来形成的。所以,取数据时,很大情况下单张表无法满足需求,额外的数据则需要将其他表加入到查询中来,这便是 JOIN 关键字完成的操作。

多表联合查询时,可省略 JOIN 关键字,以逗号分隔多张表,此时默认会当作 INNER JOIN 来处理。比如,

SELECT table1.*, 
  table2.* 
FROM table1, 
  table2; 

等效于:

SELECT table1.*, 
  table2.* 
FROM table1 
  INNER JOIN table2; 

需要注意的是,当逗号形式与其他联表关键词结合时,在指定了联表条件,比如通过 ON 条件时,会报错。

SELECT left_tbl.*
 FROM left_tbl LEFT JOIN right_tbl ON left_tbl.id = right_tbl.id
 WHERE right_tbl.id IS NULL;

通过此方法可方便地过滤出右边表中不符合条件的记录。

SELECT t1.name, t2.salary
 FROM employee AS t1 INNER JOIN info AS t2 ON t1.name = t2.name;

SELECT t1.name, t2.salary
 FROM employee t1 INNER JOIN info t2 ON t1.name = t2.name;
SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1, 2, 3) AS t1;
a LEFT JOIN b USING (c1, c2, c3)

一些 JOIN 示例:

SELECT * FROM table1, table2;

SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id;

SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id;

SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 USING (id);

SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id
 LEFT JOIN table3 ON table2.id = table3.id;

考察下面的示例:

CREATE TABLE t1 (i INT, j INT);
CREATE TABLE t2 (k INT, j INT);
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(1, 1);
INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(1, 1);
SELECT * FROM t1 NATURAL JOIN t2;
SELECT * FROM t1 JOIN t2 USING (j);

查询结果:

+------+------+------+
| j    | i    | k    |
+------+------+------+
|    1 |    1 |    1 |
+------+------+------+
+------+------+------+
| j    | i    | k    |
+------+------+------+
|    1 |    1 |    1 |
+------+------+------+

结果中同名的列只出现一次,且都是值相同的那些记录。

通过向两表中插入一条新记录,令它们的 j 不相同,再进行测试。

mysql> INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(2, 2);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(2, 3);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t1 natural join t2;
+------+------+------+
| j | i | k |
+------+------+------+
| 2 | 2 | 1 |
+------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
a LEFT JOIN b USING (c1, c2, c3)
a LEFT JOIN b ON a.c1 = b.c1 AND a.c2 = b.c2 AND a.c3 = b.c3

USING 情况下的返回:

COALESCE(a.c1, b.c1), COALESCE(a.c2, b.c2), COALESCE(a.c3, b.c3)

ON 的返回:

a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3

ON 语句中只能引用其操作表(operands)中的表。

CREATE TABLE t1 (i1 INT);
CREATE TABLE t2 (i2 INT);
CREATE TABLE t3 (i3 INT);

针对上面的表,以下查询会报错:

mysql> SELECT * FROM t1 JOIN t2 ON (i1 = i3) JOIN t3;
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'i3' in 'on clause'

而以下查询则可以:

mysql> SELECT * FROM t1 JOIN t2 JOIN t3 ON (i1 = i3);
Empty set (0.00 sec)

因为此时 t3 在 ON 语句的操作范围内了。

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