C++基础知识之运算符重载详解
时间:2023-02-25 11:44:44|栏目:C代码|点击: 次
运算符重载
- 为什么要使用运算符重载
-C/C++的运算符,支持的数据类型,仅限于基本数据类型。
- 问题:一头牛+一头马 = ?(牛马神兽?)
一个圆 +一个圆 = ? (想要变成一个更大的圆)
一头牛 – 一只羊 = ? (想要变成4只羊,原始的以物易物:1头牛价值5只羊)
- 解决方案:
使用运算符重载
方式一, 使用成员函数重载运算符 需求:把牛肉换猪肉, 羊肉换猪肉
规则:
一斤牛肉:2斤猪肉
一斤羊肉:3斤猪肉
实现:
牛 + 牛 = ?猪肉
牛 + 羊 = ?猪肉
Cow类
> Cow.h #pragma once class Pork; class Sheep; class Cow{ //牛类 public: Cow(int weight = 0); //使用运算符重载, 实现 牛肉 + 牛肉 = 猪肉 Pork operator+(const Cow& cow); //使用运算符重载, 实现 牛肉 + 羊肉 = 猪肉 Pork operator+(const Sheep& sheep); private: int weight; //重量 }; _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ > Cow.cpp #include "Cow.h" #include "Pork.h" #include "Sheep.h" Cow::Cow(int weight){ this->weight = weight; } //一斤牛肉换两斤猪肉 Pork Cow::operator+(const Cow& cow){ return Pork((this->weight + cow.weight) * 2); } //一斤牛肉换两斤猪肉, 一斤羊肉换三斤猪肉 Pork Cow::operator+(const Sheep& sheep){ int tmp = (this->weight * 2) + (sheep.getWeight() * 3); return Pork(tmp); }
Sheep类
> Sheep.h #pragma once //羊类 class Sheep{ public: Sheep(int weight = 0); int getWeight() const; private: int weight; //重量 }; _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ > Sheep.cpp #include "Sheep.h" Sheep::Sheep(int weight){ this->weight = weight; } int Sheep::getWeight() const{ return weight; }
Pork类
> Pork.h #pragma once #include <string> using namespace std; class Pork{ //猪肉类 public: Pork(int weight = 0); string description() const; private: int weight; }; _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ > Pork.cpp #include <sstream> #include "Pork.h" Pork::Pork(int weight){ this->weight = weight; } string Pork::description() const{ stringstream ret; ret << this->weight << "斤"; return ret.str(); }
main.cpp
#include <iostream> #include <Windows.h> #include "Cow.h" #include "Pork.h" #include "Sheep.h" using namespace std; int main(void) { Pork p1; Cow c1(100); Cow c2(200); Sheep s1(100); //调用运算符重载 Pork operator+(const Cow& cow); p1 = c1 + c2; cout << "牛 + 牛 = 猪肉:" << p1.description() << endl; //调用运算符重载 Pork operator+(const Sheep& c1); p1 = c1 + s1; cout << "牛 + 羊 = 猪肉:" << p1.description() << endl; //羊+牛会报错, 因为没有定义对应的羊+牛运算符重载 //p1 = s1 + c1; system("pause"); return 0; }
方式二, 使用非成员函数【友元函数】重载运算符
实现:
牛 + 牛 = ?猪肉
牛 + 羊 = ?猪肉
Cow类
> Cow.h #pragma once class Pork; class Sheep; class Cow{ //牛类 public: Cow(int weight = 0); //使用友元运算符重载, 实现 牛肉 + 牛肉 = 猪肉 friend Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Cow& c2); //使用友元运算符重载, 实现 牛肉 + 羊肉 = 猪肉 friend Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Sheep& s1); private: int weight; //重量 }; _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ > Cow.cpp #include "Cow.h" Cow::Cow(int weight){ this->weight = weight; }
Sheep类
> Sheep.h #pragma once //羊类 class Sheep{ public: Sheep(int weight = 0); int getWeight() const; private: int weight; //重量 }; _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ > Sheep.cpp #include "Sheep.h" Sheep::Sheep(int weight){ this->weight = weight; } int Sheep::getWeight() const{ return weight; }
Pork类
> Pork.h #pragma once #include <string> using namespace std; class Pork{ //猪肉类 public: Pork(int weight = 0); string description() const; private: int weight; }; _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ > Pork.cpp #include <sstream> #include "Pork.h" Pork::Pork(int weight){ this->weight = weight; } string Pork::description() const{ stringstream ret; ret << this->weight << "斤"; return ret.str(); }
main.cpp
#include <iostream> #include <Windows.h> #include "Cow.h" #include "Pork.h" #include "Sheep.h" using namespace std; //要想访问类的私有数据成员, 就把这个函数定义为友元 Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Cow& c2) { return ((c1.weight + c2.weight) * 2); } //要想访问类的私有数据成员, 就把这个函数定义为友元 Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Sheep& s1) { return((c1.weight * 2) + (s1.getWeight() * 3)); } int main(void) { Pork p1; Cow c1(100); //100斤的牛 Cow c2(200); //200斤的牛 Sheep s1(100); //100斤的羊 //调用 friend Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Cow& c2); p1 = c1 + c2; cout << "使用友元 牛 + 牛 = 猪肉:" << p1.description() << endl; //调用 friend Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Sheep& s1); p1 = c1 + s1; cout << "使用友元 牛 + 羊 = 猪肉:" << p1.description() << endl; system("pause"); return 0; }
两种方式的区别
区别:
使用成员函数来实现运算符重载时,少写一个参数,因为第一个参数就是this指针。
两种方式的选择:
- 一般情况下,单目运算符重载,使用成员函数进行重载更方便(不用写参数)
- 一般情况下,双目运算符重载,使用友元函数更直观
方便实现a+b和b+a相同的效果,成员函数方式无法实现。
例如: 100 + cow; 只能通过友元函数来实现
cow +100; 友元函数和成员函数都可以实现
- 特殊情况:
(1)= () [ ] -> 不能重载为类的友元函数!!!(否则可能和C++的其他规则矛盾),只能使用成员函数形式进行重载。
(2)如果运算符的第一个操作数要求使用隐式类型转换,则必须为友元函数(成员函数方式的第一个参数是this指针)
注意:
同一个运算符重载, 不能同时使用两种方式来重载,会导致编译器不知道选择哪一个(二义性)