postgresql减少wal日志生成量的操作
1、在繁忙的系统中,如果需要降低checkpoint发生的频率,减少WAL日志的生成量,减轻对系统IO的压力,可以通过以下两种方法。
1) 调整WAL segment大小,最高可以调整到64MB,不过只能通过编译来调整。对于已有系统不太方便;
2) 增大checkpoint_segments设置,使得checkpoint不会过于频繁地被触发;
2、在9.5中,checkpoint_segments被废弃,可以通过新增参数max_wal_size来调整,该参数缺省为1GB,已经是9.4的2倍。但如果9.4中手工设置了checkpoint_segments,如本例,则以下的公式可以做为9.5设置max_wal_size的参考。
max_wal_size = (3 * checkpoint_segments) * 16MB
补充:PostgreSQL利用全备与WAL日志恢复数据库
一般情况全备只能做到备份时刻的恢复,在全备操作过后的数据库信息无法同步,此时就需要利用wal日志来进行时间点的恢复
基础备份――全备
使用pg_basebackup
pg_basebackup是postgresql提供的一个方便基础备份的工具(9.1开始提供),这个工具会把整个数据库实例的数据都拷贝出来,而不只是把实例中的部分(如某个数据库或表)单独备份出来,该工具使用replication协议连接到数据库实例上,所以主数据库中的pg_hba.conf必须允许replication连接,类似如下:
local replication postgre ident
在9.2之后支持级连复制,所以在之后的版本中,pg_basebackup也可以从另外一个standby库上做基础备份,都需注意如下几方面:
1、备份中没有备份历史文件;
2、不确保所有需要的WAL文件都备份了,如果想确保,需要加命令行参数 ”-x";
3、如果在备份过程中standby被提升为主库,则备份会失败;
4、要求主库中打开了“full_page_writes"参数,WAL文件不能被类似pg_compresslog的工具去掉full_page_writes信息。
参数
-Ft F表示输出格式,t为tar包的格示,p,默认值,输出为目录。
-X fetch X表示收集wal日志的方式 fetch表示收集wal日志,stream为不收集,以备库streaming的方式追赶主库,none一般不使用
-h 要备份数据库的所在的IP
-p 数据库端口号
-P 备份进度,以百分制显示
-v 输出备份信息,如上面pg_basebackup:等类似语句。
-W 输入密码选项
-D 要备份到的目录
其他选项 比如-R 备份备库时保存recover.conf文件
WAL日志的的备份
测试流程
将被数据文件全备
一台是已运行的主库,一台是安装好数据库但是没有初始化的预恢复库
将主库的数据文件全备到备库的的数据目录中
继续操作主库
在表中插入几行数据,并留下时间
postgres=# insert into test08 values (6666666,'asdfg'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into test08 values (6666666,'asdfg'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into test08 values (6666666,'asdfg'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into test08 values (6666666,'asdfg'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into test08 values (6666666,'asdfg'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into test08 values (6666666,'asdfg'); INSERT 0 1
postgres=# select now(); now ------------------------------- 2018-07-18 15:03:28.969495+08 (1 row) postgres=#
切换wal日志
postgres=# select pg_switch_wal(); pg_switch_wal --------------- 5/EF0009D8 (1 row) postgres=#
####将wal日志归档到备库
这边是直接将日志传过去,到备库的/backup 目录
配置recovery.conf文件
在pgdata目录里,创建文件
[postgres@mdw pgdata]$ cat recovery.conf recovery_target_time = ' 2018-07-18 11:00:18.526347+08 ' restore_command = 'cp /backup/pg_wal/%f %p'
启动恢复实例
[postgres@mdw pgdata]$ pg_ctl start waiting for server to start....2018-07-18 15:07:52.420 CST [3353] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 5432 2018-07-18 15:07:52.420 CST [3353] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 5432 2018-07-18 15:07:52.426 CST [3353] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432" 2018-07-18 15:07:52.468 CST [3354] LOG: database system was interrupted; last known up at 2018-07-18 15:00:09 CST 2018-07-18 15:07:52.950 CST [3354] LOG: starting point-in-time recovery to 2018-07-18 15:03:28.969495+08 2018-07-18 15:07:52.987 CST [3354] LOG: restored log file "0000000100000005000000F8" from archive 2018-07-18 15:07:53.247 CST [3354] LOG: redo starts at 5/F8000028 2018-07-18 15:07:53.308 CST [3354] LOG: consistent recovery state reached at 5/F8000B08 2018-07-18 15:07:53.308 CST [3353] LOG: database system is ready to accept read only connections done server started [postgres@mdw pgdata]$ 2018-07-18 15:07:53.343 CST [3354] LOG: restored log file "0000000100000005000000F9" from archive 2018-07-18 15:07:53.626 CST [3354] LOG: restored log file "0000000100000005000000FA" from archive 2018-07-18 15:07:54.192 CST [3354] LOG: invalid record length at 5/FA000140: wanted 24, got 0 2018-07-18 15:07:54.192 CST [3354] LOG: redo done at 5/FA000108 2018-07-18 15:07:54.192 CST [3354] LOG: last completed transaction was at log time 2018-07-18 15:03:20.200594+08 2018-07-18 15:07:54.397 CST [3354] LOG: restored log file "0000000100000005000000FA" from archive cp: cannot stat `/backup/pg_wal/00000002.history': No such file or directory 2018-07-18 15:07:54.633 CST [3354] LOG: selected new timeline ID: 2 cp: cannot stat `/backup/pg_wal/00000001.history': No such file or directory 2018-07-18 15:07:55.160 CST [3354] LOG: archive recovery complete 2018-07-18 15:07:55.263 CST [3353] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections
查看恢复情况
发现已经将之后的操作在备库上进行恢复了
postgres=# select * from test08 where id=6666666; id | n ---------+------- 6666666 | asdfg 6666666 | asdfg 6666666 | asdfg 6666666 | asdfg 6666666 | asdfg 6666666 | asdfg (6 rows)
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