时间:2020-10-07 14:27:42 | 栏目:vue | 点击:次
1. 什么是Vue.nextTick()?
官方文档解释如下:
在下次DOM更新循环结束之后执行的延迟回调。在修改数据之后立即使用这个方法,获取更新后的DOM。
2. 为什么要使用nextTick?
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>演示Vue</title> <script src="https://tugenhua0707.github.io/vue/vue1/vue.js"></script> </head> <body> <div id="app"> <template> <div ref="list"> {{name}} </div> </template> </div> <script> new Vue({ el: '#app', data: { name: 'aa' }, mounted() { this.updateData(); }, methods: { updateData() { var self = this; this.name = 'bb'; console.log(this.$el.textContent); // aa this.$nextTick(function(){ console.log(self.$el.textContent); // bb }); } } }); </script> </body> </html>
如上代码 在页面视图上显示bb,但是当我在控制台打印的时候,获取的文本内容还是 aa,但是使用 nextTick后,获取的文本内容就是最新的内容bb了,因此在这种情况下,我们可以使用nextTick函数了。
上面的代码为什么改变this.name = 'bb';后,再使用console.log(this.$el.textContent);打印的值还是aa呢?那是因为设置name的值后,DOM还没有更新到,所以获取值还是之前的值,但是我们放到nextTick函数里面的时候,代码会在DOM更新后执行,因此DOM更新后,再去获取元素的值就可以获取到最新值了。
理解DOM更新:在VUE中,当我们修改了data中的某一个值后,并不会立即反应到该el中,vue将对更改的数据放到watcher的一个异步队列中,只有在当前任务空闲时才会执行watcher队列任务,这就有一个延迟时间,因此放到 nextTick函数后就可以获取该el的最新值了。如果我们把上面的nextTick改成setTimeout也是可以的。
3. Vue源码详解之nextTick(源码在 vue/src/core/util/env.js)
在理解nextTick源码之前,我们先来理解下 html5中新增的 MutationObserver的API,它的作用是用来监听DOM变动的接口,它能监听一个dom对象发生的子节点删除,属性修改,文本内容修改等等。
nextTick源码如下:
export const nextTick = (function () { const callbacks = [] let pending = false let timerFunc function nextTickHandler () { pending = false; /* 之所以要slice复制一份出来是因为有的cb执行过程中又会往callbacks中加入内容,比如$nextTick的回调函数里又有$nextTick, 那么这些应该放入到下一个轮次的nextTick去执行,所以拷贝一份,遍历完成即可,防止一直循环下去。 */ const copies = callbacks.slice(0) callbacks.length = 0 for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) { copies[i]() } } // the nextTick behavior leverages the microtask queue, which can be accessed // via either native Promise.then or MutationObserver. // MutationObserver has wider support, however it is seriously bugged in // UIWebView in iOS >= 9.3.3 when triggered in touch event handlers. It // completely stops working after triggering a few times... so, if native // Promise is available, we will use it: /* istanbul ignore if */ /* nextTick行为利用了microtask队列, 先使用 Promise.resolve().then(nextTickHandler)来将异步回调 放入到microtask中,Promise 和 MutationObserver都可以使用,但是 MutationObserver 在IOS9.3以上的 WebView中有bug,因此如果满足第一项的话就可以执行,如果没有原生Promise就用 MutationObserver。 */ if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) { var p = Promise.resolve() var logError = err => { console.error(err) } timerFunc = () => { p.then(nextTickHandler).catch(logError) // in problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but // it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the // microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser // needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can // "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer. if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop) } } else if (typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' && ( isNative(MutationObserver) || // PhantomJS and iOS 7.x MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]' )) { // use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available, // e.g. PhantomJS IE11, iOS7, Android 4.4 /* 创建一个MutationObserver,observe监听到DOM改动之后执行的回调 nextTickHandler */ var counter = 1 var observer = new MutationObserver(nextTickHandler) var textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter)); // 使用MutationObserver的接口,监听文本节点的字符内容 observer.observe(textNode, { characterData: true }); /* 每次执行timerFunc函数都会让文本节点的内容在0/1之间切换,切换之后将新赋值到那个我们MutationObserver监听的文本节点上去。 */ timerFunc = () => { counter = (counter + 1) % 2 textNode.data = String(counter) } } else { // fallback to setTimeout /* 如果上面的两种都不支持的话,我们就使用setTimeout来执行 */ timerFunc = () => { setTimeout(nextTickHandler, 0) } } return function queueNextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) { let _resolve callbacks.push(() => { if (cb) { try { cb.call(ctx) } catch (e) { handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick') } } else if (_resolve) { _resolve(ctx) } }); /* 如果pending为true,表明本轮事件循环中已经执行过 timerFunc(nextTickHandler, 0) */ if (!pending) { pending = true timerFunc() } if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { _resolve = resolve }) } } })()
整体思路理解:首先 nextTick 是一个闭包函数,代码立即执行,在理解整体代码之前,我们先来看个类似的demo,如下代码:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>演示Vue</title> </head> <body> <div id="app"> </div> <script> var nextTick = (function(){ return function queueNextTick(cb, ctx) { if (cb) { try { cb.call(ctx) } catch (e) { console.log('出错了'); } } } })(); // 方法调用 nextTick(function(){ console.log(2); // 打印2 }) </script> </body> </html>
demo代码和上面的代码很类似。
我们也可以再来抽离使用nextTick做demo代码如下:
var nextTick2 = (function(){ const callbacks = []; let pending = false; let timerFunc; function nextTickHandler () { pending = false const copies = callbacks.slice(0) callbacks.length = 0 for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) { copies[i]() } } if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined') { var p = Promise.resolve() var logError = err => { console.error(err) } timerFunc = () => { p.then(nextTickHandler).catch(logError) } } else if (typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' || // PhantomJS and iOS 7.x MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]' ) { // use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available, // e.g. PhantomJS IE11, iOS7, Android 4.4 var counter = 1 var observer = new MutationObserver(nextTickHandler) var textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter)) observer.observe(textNode, { characterData: true }) timerFunc = () => { counter = (counter + 1) % 2 textNode.data = String(counter) } } else { // fallback to setTimeout /* istanbul ignore next */ timerFunc = () => { setTimeout(nextTickHandler, 0) } } return function queueNextTick (cb, ctx) { let _resolve callbacks.push(() => { if (cb) { try { cb.call(ctx) } catch (e) { handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick') } } else if (_resolve) { _resolve(ctx) } }) if (!pending) { pending = true timerFunc() } if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { _resolve = resolve }) } } })(); nextTick2(function(){ console.log(2222); });
如上代码是nextTick源码的抽离,为了更好的理解nextTick,做了如上的demo。
我们再来理解一下整体的代码的含义;
先定义数组 callbacks = [];来存放所有需要执行的回调函数,定义let pending = false;判断本轮事件是否执行过 timerFunc(nextTickHandler, 0)这个函数,为true说明执行过 timeFunc函数,接着定义nextTickHandler函数,该函数的作用是依次遍历数组callbacks保存的函数,依次执行;
请看源代码如下:
function nextTickHandler () { pending = false const copies = callbacks.slice(0) callbacks.length = 0 for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) { copies[i]() } }
然后就是三个判断了,代码如下:
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) { var p = Promise.resolve(); var logError = err => { console.error(err) } timerFunc = () => { p.then(nextTickHandler).catch(logError); } else if (typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' && ( isNative(MutationObserver) || // PhantomJS and iOS 7.x MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]' )){ var counter = 1 var observer = new MutationObserver(nextTickHandler) var textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter)) observer.observe(textNode, { characterData: true }) timerFunc = () => { counter = (counter + 1) % 2 textNode.data = String(counter) } } else { timerFunc = () => { setTimeout(nextTickHandler, 0) } }
首先判断是否支持Promise对象,如果支持的话,定义了timeFunc()函数,为了下一步调用做准备,然后继续判断是否支持该对象 MutationObserver,如果支持的话,创建一个文本节点,监听该节点数据是否发生改变,如果发生改变的话,调用timerFunc函数,counter值会在0/1切换,如果值改变了的话,把该数据值赋值到data属性上面去,那么data属性发生改变了,就会重新渲染页面(因为vue是通过Object.defineProperty来监听属性值是否发生改变),如果上面两种情况都不满足的话,那么直接使用setTimeout来执行nextTickHandler函数了;
最后nextTick代码返回一个函数,代码如下:
return function queueNextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) { let _resolve callbacks.push(() => { if (cb) { try { cb.call(ctx) } catch (e) { handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick') } } else if (_resolve) { _resolve(ctx) } }) if (!pending) { pending = true timerFunc() } if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { _resolve = resolve }) } }
代码的含义是:传入的cb是否是函数,ctx参数是否是一个对象,如果cb是一个函数的话,使用cb.call(ctx), 如果timerFunc没有执行过的话,那么pending为false,因此执行 timerFunc()函数。基本的思路就是这样的。