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编写Python的web框架中的Model的教程

时间:2021-01-14 11:16:24 | 栏目:Python代码 | 点击:

有了ORM,我们就可以把Web App需要的3个表用Model表示出来:

import time, uuid

from transwarp.db import next_id
from transwarp.orm import Model, StringField, BooleanField, FloatField, TextField

class User(Model):
  __table__ = 'users'

  id = StringField(primary_key=True, default=next_id, ddl='varchar(50)')
  email = StringField(updatable=False, ddl='varchar(50)')
  password = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')
  admin = BooleanField()
  name = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')
  image = StringField(ddl='varchar(500)')
  created_at = FloatField(updatable=False, default=time.time)

class Blog(Model):
  __table__ = 'blogs'

  id = StringField(primary_key=True, default=next_id, ddl='varchar(50)')
  user_id = StringField(updatable=False, ddl='varchar(50)')
  user_name = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')
  user_image = StringField(ddl='varchar(500)')
  name = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')
  summary = StringField(ddl='varchar(200)')
  content = TextField()
  created_at = FloatField(updatable=False, default=time.time)

class Comment(Model):
  __table__ = 'comments'

  id = StringField(primary_key=True, default=next_id, ddl='varchar(50)')
  blog_id = StringField(updatable=False, ddl='varchar(50)')
  user_id = StringField(updatable=False, ddl='varchar(50)')
  user_name = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')
  user_image = StringField(ddl='varchar(500)')
  content = TextField()
  created_at = FloatField(updatable=False, default=time.time)

在编写ORM时,给一个Field增加一个default参数可以让ORM自己填入缺省值,非常方便。并且,缺省值可以作为函数对象传入,在调用insert()时自动计算。

例如,主键id的缺省值是函数next_id,创建时间created_at的缺省值是函数time.time,可以自动设置当前日期和时间。

日期和时间用float类型存储在数据库中,而不是datetime类型,这么做的好处是不必关心数据库的时区以及时区转换问题,排序非常简单,显示的时候,只需要做一个float到str的转换,也非常容易。
初始化数据库表

如果表的数量很少,可以手写创建表的SQL脚本:

-- schema.sql

drop database if exists awesome;

create database awesome;

use awesome;

grant select, insert, update, delete on awesome.* to 'www-data'@'localhost' identified by 'www-data';

create table users (
  `id` varchar(50) not null,
  `email` varchar(50) not null,
  `password` varchar(50) not null,
  `admin` bool not null,
  `name` varchar(50) not null,
  `image` varchar(500) not null,
  `created_at` real not null,
  unique key `idx_email` (`email`),
  key `idx_created_at` (`created_at`),
  primary key (`id`)
) engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

create table blogs (
  `id` varchar(50) not null,
  `user_id` varchar(50) not null,
  `user_name` varchar(50) not null,
  `user_image` varchar(500) not null,
  `name` varchar(50) not null,
  `summary` varchar(200) not null,
  `content` mediumtext not null,
  `created_at` real not null,
  key `idx_created_at` (`created_at`),
  primary key (`id`)
) engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

create table comments (
  `id` varchar(50) not null,
  `blog_id` varchar(50) not null,
  `user_id` varchar(50) not null,
  `user_name` varchar(50) not null,
  `user_image` varchar(500) not null,
  `content` mediumtext not null,
  `created_at` real not null,
  key `idx_created_at` (`created_at`),
  primary key (`id`)
) engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

如果表的数量很多,可以从Model对象直接通过脚本自动生成SQL脚本,使用更简单。

把SQL脚本放到MySQL命令行里执行:

$ mysql -u root -p < schema.sql

我们就完成了数据库表的初始化。
编写数据访问代码

接下来,就可以真正开始编写代码操作对象了。比如,对于User对象,我们就可以做如下操作:

# test_db.py

from models import User, Blog, Comment

from transwarp import db

db.create_engine(user='www-data', password='www-data', database='awesome')

u = User(name='Test', email='test@example.com', password='1234567890', image='about:blank')

u.insert()

print 'new user id:', u.id

u1 = User.find_first('where email=?', 'test@example.com')
print 'find user\'s name:', u1.name

u1.delete()

u2 = User.find_first('where email=?', 'test@example.com')
print 'find user:', u2

可以在MySQL客户端命令行查询,看看数据是不是正常存储到MySQL里面了。

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