时间:2022-02-13 10:49:32 | 栏目:JavaScript代码 | 点击:次
一段干净的代码,你在阅读、重用和重构的时候都能非常轻松。编写干净的代码非常重要,因为在我们日常的工作中,你不是仅仅是在为自己写代码。实际上,你还需要考虑一群需要理解、编辑和构建你的代码的同事。
变量的名称应该是可描述,有意义的, JavaScript 变量都应该采用驼峰式大小写 ( camelCase) 命名。
// Don't ❌ const foo = "JDoe@example.com"; const bar = "John"; const age = 23; const qux = true; // Do ✅ const email = "John@example.com"; const firstName = "John"; const age = 23; const isActive = true
布尔变量通常需要回答特定问题,例如:
isActive
didSubscribe
hasLinkedAccount
当对象或类已经包含了上下文的命名时,不要再向变量名称添加冗余的上下文。
// Don't ❌ const user = { userId: "296e2589-7b33-400a-b762-007b730c8e6d", userEmail: "JDoe@example.com", userFirstName: "John", userLastName: "Doe", userAge: 23, }; user.userId; // Do ✅ const user = { id: "296e2589-7b33-400a-b762-007b730c8e6d", email: "JDoe@example.com", firstName: "John", lastName: "Doe", age: 23, }; user.id;
确保声明有意义且可搜索的常量,而不是直接插入一个常量值。全局常量可以采用 SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE 风格命名。
// Don't ❌ setTimeout(clearSessionData, 900000); // Do ✅ const SESSION_DURATION_MS = 15 * 60 * 1000; setTimeout(clearSessionData, SESSION_DURATION_MS);
函数名称需要描述函数的实际作用,即使很长也没关系。函数名称通常使用动词,但返回布尔值的函数可能是个例外 ― 它可以采用 是或否 问题的形式,函数名也应该是驼峰式的。
// Don't ❌ function toggle() { // ... } function agreed(user) { // ... } // Do ✅ function toggleThemeSwitcher() { // ... } function didAgreeToAllTerms(user) { // ... }
默认参数比 && || 或在函数体内使用额外的条件语句更干净。
// Don't ❌ function printAllFilesInDirectory(dir) { const directory = dir || "./"; // ... } // Do ✅ function printAllFilesInDirectory(dir = "./") { // ... }
尽管这条规则可能有争议,但函数最好是有3个以下参数。如果参数较多可能是以下两种情况之一:
// Don't ❌ function sendPushNotification(title, message, image, isSilent, delayMs) { // ... } sendPushNotification("New Message", "...", "http://...", false, 1000); // Do ✅ function sendPushNotification({ title, message, image, isSilent, delayMs }) { // ... } const notificationConfig = { title: "New Message", message: "...", image: "http://...", isSilent: false, delayMs: 1000, }; sendPushNotification(notificationConfig);
一个函数应该一次做一件事,这有助于减少函数的大小和复杂性,使测试、调试和重构更容易。
/ Don't ❌ function pingUsers(users) { users.forEach((user) => { const userRecord = database.lookup(user); if (!userRecord.isActive()) { ping(user); } }); } // Do ✅ function pingInactiveUsers(users) { users.filter(!isUserActive).forEach(ping); } function isUserActive(user) { const userRecord = database.lookup(user); return userRecord.isActive(); }
函数含有布尔标志的参数意味这个函数是可以被简化的。
// Don't ❌ function createFile(name, isPublic) { if (isPublic) { fs.create(`./public/${name}`); } else { fs.create(name); } } // Do ✅ function createFile(name) { fs.create(name); } function createPublicFile(name) { createFile(`./public/${name}`); }
如果你写了重复的代码,每次有逻辑改变,你都需要改动多个位置。
// Don't ❌ function renderCarsList(cars) { cars.forEach((car) => { const price = car.getPrice(); const make = car.getMake(); const brand = car.getBrand(); const nbOfDoors = car.getNbOfDoors(); render({ price, make, brand, nbOfDoors }); }); } function renderMotorcyclesList(motorcycles) { motorcycles.forEach((motorcycle) => { const price = motorcycle.getPrice(); const make = motorcycle.getMake(); const brand = motorcycle.getBrand(); const seatHeight = motorcycle.getSeatHeight(); render({ price, make, brand, nbOfDoors }); }); } // Do ✅ function renderVehiclesList(vehicles) { vehicles.forEach((vehicle) => { const price = vehicle.getPrice(); const make = vehicle.getMake(); const brand = vehicle.getBrand(); const data = { price, make, brand }; switch (vehicle.type) { case "car": data.nbOfDoors = vehicle.getNbOfDoors(); break; case "motorcycle": data.seatHeight = vehicle.getSeatHeight(); break; } render(data); }); }
在 JavaScript 中,你应该更喜欢函数式模式而不是命令式模式。换句话说,大多数情况下我们都应该保持函数纯。副作用可能会修改共享状态和资源,从而导致一些奇怪的问题。所有的副作用都应该集中管理,例如你需要更改全局变量或修改文件,可以专门写一个 util 来做这件事。
// Don't ❌ let date = "21-8-2021"; function splitIntoDayMonthYear() { date = date.split("-"); } splitIntoDayMonthYear(); // Another function could be expecting date as a string console.log(date); // ['21', '8', '2021']; // Do ✅ function splitIntoDayMonthYear(date) { return date.split("-"); } const date = "21-8-2021"; const newDate = splitIntoDayMonthYear(date); // Original vlaue is intact console.log(date); // '21-8-2021'; console.log(newDate); // ['21', '8', '2021'];
另外,如果你将一个可变值传递给函数,你应该直接克隆一个新值返回,而不是直接改变该它。
// Don't ❌ function enrollStudentInCourse(course, student) { course.push({ student, enrollmentDate: Date.now() }); } // Do ✅ function enrollStudentInCourse(course, student) { return [...course, { student, enrollmentDate: Date.now() }]; }
// Don't ❌ function isUserNotVerified(user) { // ... } if (!isUserNotVerified(user)) { // ... } // Do ✅ function isUserVerified(user) { // ... } if (isUserVerified(user)) { // ... }
// Don't ❌ if (isActive === true) { // ... } if (firstName !== "" && firstName !== null && firstName !== undefined) { // ... } const isUserEligible = user.isVerified() && user.didSubscribe() ? true : false; // Do ✅ if (isActive) { // ... } if (!!firstName) { // ... } const isUserEligible = user.isVerified() && user.didSubscribe();
尽早 return 会使你的代码线性化、更具可读性且不那么复杂。
// Don't ❌ function addUserService(db, user) { if (!db) { if (!db.isConnected()) { if (!user) { return db.insert("users", user); } else { throw new Error("No user"); } } else { throw new Error("No database connection"); } } else { throw new Error("No database"); } } // Do ✅ function addUserService(db, user) { if (!db) throw new Error("No database"); if (!db.isConnected()) throw new Error("No database connection"); if (!user) throw new Error("No user"); return db.insert("users", user); }
既能减少复杂度又能提升性能。
// Don't ❌ const getColorByStatus = (status) => { switch (status) { case "success": return "green"; case "failure": return "red"; case "warning": return "yellow"; case "loading": default: return "blue"; } }; // Do ✅ const statusColors = { success: "green", failure: "red", warning: "yellow", loading: "blue", }; const getColorByStatus = (status) => statusColors[status] || "blue";
使用可选链接
const user = { email: "JDoe@example.com", billing: { iban: "...", swift: "...", address: { street: "Some Street Name", state: "CA", }, }, }; // Don't ❌ const email = (user && user.email) || "N/A"; const street = (user && user.billing && user.billing.address && user.billing.address.street) || "N/A"; const state = (user && user.billing && user.billing.address && user.billing.address.state) || "N/A"; // Do ✅ const email = user?.email ?? "N/A"; const street = user?.billing?.address?.street ?? "N/A"; const street = user?.billing?.address?.state ?? "N/A";
回调很混乱,会导致代码嵌套过深,使用 Promise 替代回调。
// Don't ❌ getUser(function (err, user) { getProfile(user, function (err, profile) { getAccount(profile, function (err, account) { getReports(account, function (err, reports) { sendStatistics(reports, function (err) { console.error(err); }); }); }); }); }); // Do ✅ getUser() .then(getProfile) .then(getAccount) .then(getReports) .then(sendStatistics) .catch((err) => console.error(err)); // or using Async/Await ✅✅ async function sendUserStatistics() { try { const user = await getUser(); const profile = await getProfile(user); const account = await getAccount(profile); const reports = await getReports(account); return sendStatistics(reports); } catch (e) { console.error(err); } }
处理抛出的错误和 reject 的 promise
/ Don't ❌ try { // Possible erronous code } catch (e) { console.log(e); } // Do ✅ try { // Possible erronous code } catch (e) { // Follow the most applicable (or all): // 1- More suitable than console.log console.error(e); // 2- Notify user if applicable alertUserOfError(e); // 3- Report to server reportErrorToServer(e); // 4- Use a custom error handler throw new CustomError(e); }
可读的代码使你免于过度注释,因此,你应该只注释复杂的逻辑。
// Don't ❌ function generateHash(str) { // Hash variable let hash = 0; // Get the length of the string let length = str.length; // If the string is empty return if (!length) { return hash; } // Loop through every character in the string for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) { // Get character code. const char = str.charCodeAt(i); // Make the hash hash = (hash << 5) - hash + char; // Convert to 32-bit integer hash &= hash; } } // Do ✅ function generateHash(str) { let hash = 0; let length = str.length; if (!length) { return hash; } for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) { const char = str.charCodeAt(i); hash = (hash << 5) - hash + char; hash = hash & hash; // Convert to 32bit integer } return hash; }
在代码里不需要保留历史版本的注释,想查的话你直接用 git log 就可以搜到。。
// Don't ❌ /** * 2021-7-21: Fixed corner case * 2021-7-15: Improved performance * 2021-7-10: Handled mutliple user types */ function generateCanonicalLink(user) { // const session = getUserSession(user) const session = user.getSession(); // ... } // Do ✅ function generateCanonicalLink(user) { const session = user.getSession(); // ... }
好了,去写出你漂亮的代码吧!🌈