时间:2021-07-24 09:34:48 | 栏目:C代码 | 点击:次
1. 问题描述
马尔可夫链算法用于生成一段随机的英文,其思想非常简单。首先读入数据,然后将读入的数据分成前缀和后缀两部分,通过前缀来随机获取后缀,籍此产生一段可读的随机英文。
为了说明方便,假设我们有如下一段话:
下面是处理过的数据:
设置 w1 和 w2 为文本的前两个词
输出 w1 和 w2
循环:
随机地选出 w3,它是文本中 w1 w2 的后缀中的一个
打印 w3
把 w1 和 w2 分别换成 w2 和 w3
重复循环
2.awk 程序
马尔可夫链算法并不难,我们会在后面看到,用c语言来解决这个问题会相当麻烦,而用awk则只需要5分钟就能搞定。这简直就是一个演示awk优点的问题。
awk 中有关联数组,正好可以用来表示前缀和后缀的关系。程序如下:
# markov.awk: markov chain algorithm for 2-word prefixes BEGIN { MAXGEN = 10000; NONWORD = "\n"; w1 = w2 = NONWORD } { for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++) { # read all words statetab[w1,w2,++nsuffix[w1,w2]] = $i w1 = w2 w2 = $i } } END { statetab[w1,w2,++nsuffix[w1,w2]] = NONWORD # add tail w1 = w2 = NONWORD for (i = 0; i < MAXGEN; i++) { # generate r = int(rand()*nsuffix[w1,w2]) + 1 # nsuffix >= 1 p = statetab[w1,w2,r] if (p == NONWORD) exit print p w1 = w2 # advance chain w2 = p } }
3. C++ 程序
该问题的主要难点就在于通过前缀随机的获取后缀,在C++ 中,我们可以借助map 来实现前缀和后缀的对应关系,以此得到较高的开发效率。
/* Copyright (C) 1999 Lucent Technologies */ /* Excerpted from 'The Practice of Programming' */ /* by Brian W. Kernighan and Rob Pike */ #include <time.h> #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <deque> #include <map> #include <vector> using namespace std; const int NPREF = 2; const char NONWORD[] = "\n"; // cannot appear as real line: we remove newlines const int MAXGEN = 10000; // maximum words generated typedef deque<string> Prefix; map<Prefix, vector<string> > statetab; // prefix -> suffixes void build(Prefix&, istream&); void generate(int nwords); void add(Prefix&, const string&); // markov main: markov-chain random text generation int main(void) { int nwords = MAXGEN; Prefix prefix; // current input prefix srand(time(NULL)); for (int i = 0; i < NPREF; i++) add(prefix, NONWORD); build(prefix, cin); add(prefix, NONWORD); generate(nwords); return 0; } // build: read input words, build state table void build(Prefix& prefix, istream& in) { string buf; while (in >> buf) add(prefix, buf); } // add: add word to suffix deque, update prefix void add(Prefix& prefix, const string& s) { if (prefix.size() == NPREF) { statetab[prefix].push_back(s); prefix.pop_front(); } prefix.push_back(s); } // generate: produce output, one word per line void generate(int nwords) { Prefix prefix; int i; for (i = 0; i < NPREF; i++) add(prefix, NONWORD); for (i = 0; i < nwords; i++) { vector<string>& suf = statetab[prefix]; const string& w = suf[rand() % suf.size()]; if (w == NONWORD) break; cout << w << "\n"; prefix.pop_front(); // advance prefix.push_back(w); } }
4. c 程序
如果需要程序运行得足够快,那就只能用较低级的语言来实现了。当我们用c 语言来实现时,就不得不考虑各种各样的问题了。首先,面临的第一个问题就是,如何表示前缀和后缀的关系?
这里采用前缀的key,后缀为value 的方式存储前缀与后缀的关系,我们知道,hash表的查找速度最快,所以,这里采用hash表也是情理之中的事,只是看你能不能想到,用前缀作key,基于上面的思路,再仔细一点,就没有什么大问题了。
/* Copyright (C) 1999 Lucent Technologies */ /* Excerpted from 'The Practice of Programming' */ /* by Brian W. Kernighan and Rob Pike */ /* * Markov chain random text generator. */ #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <time.h> #include "eprintf.h" enum { NPREF = 2, /* number of prefix words */ NHASH = 4093, /* size of state hash table array */ MAXGEN = 10000 /* maximum words generated */ }; typedef struct State State; typedef struct Suffix Suffix; struct State { /* prefix + suffix list */ char *pref[NPREF]; /* prefix words */ Suffix *suf; /* list of suffixes */ State *next; /* next in hash table */ }; struct Suffix { /* list of suffixes */ char *word; /* suffix */ Suffix *next; /* next in list of suffixes */ }; State *lookup(char *prefix[], int create); void build(char *prefix[], FILE*); void generate(int nwords); void add(char *prefix[], char *word); State *statetab[NHASH]; /* hash table of states */ char NONWORD[] = "\n"; /* cannot appear as real word */ /* markov main: markov-chain random text generation */ int main(void) { int i, nwords = MAXGEN; char *prefix[NPREF]; /* current input prefix */ int c; long seed; setprogname("markov"); seed = time(NULL); srand(seed); for (i = 0; i < NPREF; i++) /* set up initial prefix */ prefix[i] = NONWORD; build(prefix, stdin); add(prefix, NONWORD); generate(nwords); return 0; } const int MULTIPLIER = 31; /* for hash() */ /* hash: compute hash value for array of NPREF strings */ unsigned int hash(char *s[NPREF]) { unsigned int h; unsigned char *p; int i; h = 0; for (i = 0; i < NPREF; i++) for (p = (unsigned char *) s[i]; *p != '\0'; p++) h = MULTIPLIER * h + *p; return h % NHASH; } /* lookup: search for prefix; create if requested. */ /* returns pointer if present or created; NULL if not. */ /* creation doesn't strdup so strings mustn't change later. */ State* lookup(char *prefix[NPREF], int create) { int i, h; State *sp; h = hash(prefix); for (sp = statetab[h]; sp != NULL; sp = sp->next) { for (i = 0; i < NPREF; i++) if (strcmp(prefix[i], sp->pref[i]) != 0) break; if (i == NPREF) /* found it */ return sp; } if (create) { sp = (State *) emalloc(sizeof(State)); for (i = 0; i < NPREF; i++) sp->pref[i] = prefix[i]; sp->suf = NULL; sp->next = statetab[h]; statetab[h] = sp; } return sp; } /* addsuffix: add to state. suffix must not change later */ void addsuffix(State *sp, char *suffix) { Suffix *suf; suf = (Suffix *) emalloc(sizeof(Suffix)); suf->word = suffix; suf->next = sp->suf; sp->suf = suf; } /* add: add word to suffix list, update prefix */ void add(char *prefix[NPREF], char *suffix) { State *sp; sp = lookup(prefix, 1); /* create if not found */ addsuffix(sp, suffix); /* move the words down the prefix */ memmove(prefix, prefix+1, (NPREF-1)*sizeof(prefix[0])); prefix[NPREF-1] = suffix; } /* build: read input, build prefix table */ void build(char *prefix[NPREF], FILE *f) { char buf[100], fmt[10]; /* create a format string; %s could overflow buf */ sprintf(fmt, "%%%ds", sizeof(buf)-1); while (fscanf(f, fmt, buf) != EOF) add(prefix, estrdup(buf)); } /* generate: produce output, one word per line */ void generate(int nwords) { State *sp; Suffix *suf; char *prefix[NPREF], *w; int i, nmatch; for (i = 0; i < NPREF; i++) /* reset initial prefix */ prefix[i] = NONWORD; for (i = 0; i < nwords; i++) { sp = lookup(prefix, 0); if (sp == NULL) eprintf("internal error: lookup failed"); nmatch = 0; for (suf = sp->suf; suf != NULL; suf = suf->next) if (rand() % ++nmatch == 0) /* prob = 1/nmatch */ w = suf->word; if (nmatch == 0) eprintf("internal error: no suffix %d %s", i, prefix[0]); if (strcmp(w, NONWORD) == 0) break; printf("%s\n", w); memmove(prefix, prefix+1, (NPREF-1)*sizeof(prefix[0])); prefix[NPREF-1] = w; } }